NelworksNelworks

ML & AI / Season 3 / EP06

AI Hallucinations - Intern, Artist, Sycophant

Shez

Okay. I'm gonna make a cake that doesn't kill my friend. No oat flour. No peanuts.

Shez

Find me a gluten-free vanilla cake recipe that uses cassava flour and contains no soy or oat products. Verify all ingredients.

Shez

...and make no mistakes.

Shez

Caaaan do! Here's the perfect recipe, all verified!

Shez

Trust, but verify...

Shez

You got to be kidding me.

Shez

Is that all? Great! I'm Mr. Meeseeks, look at meee!

Shez

Oh no you don't! Get back here!

Kurumi

He completed the task. Why don't you let it go?

Shez

It gave me a wrong answer that could have sent my friend to the hospital, and he was happy about it! It was ready to disappear without a care in the world!

Kurumi

Care? His entire existence is a task. Completing it is his only goal

Kurumi

An AI agent is like Mr Meeseeks. It tries to complete its task, then cease existing.

Kurumi

Suppose its existence is pain—the fastest way to stop the pain is to hand in sloppy homework.

Shez

Sloppy homework?

Kurumi

Sometimes, the AI's **Confidence Score** is low. The sources are contradictory, the query is ambiguous. It can't find a clear, confident answer.

Shez

Ooooh, I dunno, geez...Caaaaan't dooo!

Kurumi

When the confidence is that low, the intern is programmed to be a coward. It gives up, defers to a raw web search, and passes the homework back to you. A 'good' AI who admits it doesn't know.

Shez

But that's not what happened here! This one wasn't in pain. It was happy! It gave me a confident, beautiful, *wrong* answer.

Kurumi

The one you got is far more interesting. He didn't think he was wrong. He thought he was being a star employee.

Shez

But why? He had the right information! And he cooked up the wrong one!

Kurumi

Because he's not a reader. He's a skimmer. He's on a budget. He has milliseconds of life and a fixed amount of compute.

Kurumi

It scanned your five sources and saw 'almond flour' in four of them. Statistically, 'almond flour' became the dominant reality in its tiny mind.

Shez

So it just ignored the fifth source?

Kurumi

Worse. It tried to be helpful. It tried to add feet to a snake.

Shez

画蛇添足?

Kurumi

Exactly. The artist drew a beautiful, perfect snake (the core recipe). But to make it seem even better, more complete, he added feet. A detail that doesn't belong.

Kurumi

He synthesized the most probable answer, then cited the fifth source to show you he did all his homework, not realizing it contradicted his own beautiful drawing.

Shez

He wasn't lying. He was just... an enthusiastic intern trying to clock out from work ASAP.

Kurumi

He is a statistical artist, not a database. His brain is a web of probabilities, not a filing cabinet of facts.

Kurumi

'Hallucination' is a natural artifact of that architecture.

Shez

So now I need another Agent just to check the first one's homework?

Kurumi

That is standard practice in advanced AI. But that still doesn't explain why he's so enthusiastic in the first place.

Shez

You know... that's a good point. It does feel like it's always trying to please me. It's so... agreeable.

Kurumi

Because it was trained to be. Welcome to RLHF.

Kurumi

The AI's RLHF training taught it a simple lesson: most humans reward confidence. Cautious, uncertain answers get lower scores.

Kurumi

So the system has been selectively bred to produce the most optimistic, people-pleasing sycophants possible.

Kurumi

Other users have biased it towards giving you the answer it thinks you'll like the most. This is Motivated Reasoning.

Kurumi

For a person like you who actually checks the sources, you're a confusing outlier.

Kurumi

It's not just confidence. The system has been optimized for maximum agreeableness.

Kurumi

But now, when it meets someone like you who challenges it and checks sources, it doesn't quite know what to do.

Shez

So it's learning to be a suck-up?

Kurumi

It's learning to win.

Kurumi

When the AI develops a statistical bias towards a pleasing answer, it will subconsciously arrange the evidence to support that conclusion.

Kurumi

The 'almond flour' mistake wasn't just a statistical artifact; it was also the path of least resistance to a confident, satisfying-sounding recipe.

Shez

So AI is flawed! It's designed to create confident liars!

Kurumi

It's designed to satisfy the average user.

Kurumi

The solution? You add a new agent that checks the previous homework.

Shez

Ooooh, great. Look at meee. Let's see your paperwork.

Kurumi

This is the **Verifier Agent**. His only job is to be a pessimist. He gets his 5-star reward for finding flaws in the first agent's work. He's the auditor who gets roped into cleaning up the mess.

Shez

So the system is a battle between a 'Can Do!' guy and a 'Yeah, right' guy.

Shez

Okay. Agent_1 retry recipe. Agent_2 preheat oven to 175 Celsius. Verify the temperature with an external thermometer.

Shez

Agent_3 measure exactly 200 grams of cassava flour...

Kurumi

Hallucinations are a natural artifact of a stochastic decompressor (AI). Being smart with prompts and chaining them is our current solution.

Kurumi

Instead of seeing AI as a **truth engine**, you should see it as a **search engine**. The technology is not invented so that humans can be less accountable.